TPOV Cannot find file "DEFAULTS.DFL".ACopy this file to the current LS drive/directory and start again.%Invalid default path for the Library.0Use INSTALL to set a valid Library default path.&Invalid default path for design files.5Use INSTALL to set a valid design files default path. Cannot find file "CONST.BOX".7Copy this file to the current dirctory and start again. Press any key to exit.... U DEFAULTS.DFL EPSON_MX EPSON_FX EPSON_LQ TOSHIBA HP_LASERJET HP_THINKJETU CONST.BOXU MONOCHROME HERCULES Cone Diameter (m) Peak Excursion (m) Cone Diameter (cm) Peak Excursion (cm)U L O U D S P E A K E R$A Program for Designing Loudspeakers Max Knittel Maximum Effort Software 2701 Cedarwood Avenue Bellingham, WA 98225 Version 5.0 February 1991 Quick Menu Selection: = L ] h Graphics Error Press Cannot graph speaker responses.U 1k8

rint ontinueU F:+F>- F8+F< F:+F> No. Driver Name Box Type Vb (cm3) F3 (Hz)M ====================================================================== Closed, Qt= Single Dual Comp Vented, 4th,QB3 4th,C4 6th,I 6th,II 6th,III Symmet, S= Single Dual Comp Passive Single Dual Comp U Small Signal Frequency Response Frequency (Hz) *Maximum Infinite Baffle Frequency Response &Maximum Input Power Frequency Response WattsU $ 3 ^ !)!?!F! !a"7#L#w# $7%o% I:\TP Graphics Error Press Cannot show crossover schematic. ohms WooferU MidrangeU TweeterU 8

rint ontinue [ g u # + 1 D X ` m u !2!>!V!^!o!w!}! !E"T"f"u" ##D#V#e#t# $%$4$F$U$d$v$ %$%6%E%T%`%o%~% & &/&>&P&_&n& ''','2'7'k's' (&(.(9(E(Z(b(g(m(r( )")*)/)5):)O)d)s)x)~) *,*;*@*F*K*n*{* +'+/+9+A+N+V+c+k+q+ ,/,7,D,L,^,x, -!-)-:-K-\-m-~- .(.9.J.[.l.}. /J/\/k/ 0&0.03090>0R0X0]0v0|0 1!131B1W1l1 292N2i2~2 3)3/3C3I3W3c3r3z3 4-4?4N4c4x4 5+5F5U5a5s5 6'696N6i6r6 6t7[;r; B#BhB K0L5ULUcUzU UQ[h[ f(f?f t0tGt^t AB Tweeter Circuit Tweeter Fs Error! Press !An AB circuit is not suitable for$ this tweeter/crossover combination.U AB Parts Ca = Ra = ohmsU Inductor Choose inductor or press . LM = Wind an Inductor Inductance (mh) Bad Value. Try again. ire gauge or core adius? wire gauge (10 - 38) Core radius ( ) \ Resistance = ohms Wire Length = = ft Core Radius = in Number of Turns = Closet wire gauge = Number of Turns = Satisfactory? (Y/N) Too many inductors. You will lose this one.U # dB RS RP dB RS RP Driver Attenuator Resistors Press any key to continue Pardon the Wait Driver Tweeter Attenuator Resistors Tweeter Midrange Attenuator Resistors MidrangeU Driver Parameters Crossover Frequency: Woofer Impedance: Tweeter Impedance: Lower Crossover Frequency: Upper Crossover Frequency: Woofer Impedance: Midrange Impedance: Tweeter Impedance: U Parts Values Press Invert Tweeter Polarity Either Tweeter Invert MidrangeU Crossover Design Type of Speaker: - or -way)? Order of Crossover: 1, 2, 3, 4 )? Type of Crossover: PC (Linkwitz-Riley), PC (All Pass), PC (Butterworth), PC (Constant Power) mpromise essel ebyshev? Peak in voltage response: (0 to 3 dB)? ositive or egative midrange polarity? Type of Compensation mpedance Equalization esonance Cancellation Selection: Driver Parameters DC Resistance RE: Inductance (mh) LE: ; Resonance Frequency FS: Electrical Q, QES: Mechanical Q, QMS: Parts Values Press RM = CM = LM = RC = CC = U What Circuit? rossover qualizer ttenuator Selection: Driver Impedance Driver Impedance: - = E S ^ p u z / 9 C M ] e j !!!&!5!Q! #=#L#T#]#f# $,$5$>$P$U$Z$ $0%>%k%t%}% &-&2&7&o&}& 'E'N'W'i'n's' (I(W( +B+k+ +%,R, -$.N._.p. /1/D/W/j/}/ 192f2 2<3y3 4J4w4 4/5\5 647a7 7 8M8z8 <<P>}> >"?Y?n? ?U@a@j@ A3A8A^AcA B,B1BPBUB D>E_EnEvE F,F1F6F?FQFVF[FsF G(G-G2G;GMGRGWGoG H6H?HQHVH[HfHoH I'I,I1IEIJIOIiInIsI~I J!J,J5JGJLJQJZJlJqJvJ K&K+K0KBKGKLKTKZK L#L(L-L]LkLyL M+M0M5MGMLMQMiM P!P0P9PDPTPYP^PgPyP~P Q$Q)Q2Q=QOQZQ_QdQ|Q R"R-R6R?RQRVR[R S?SMS T0T9TBTKT]TbTgT U>ULU UIVgVlVvV W#W(WyW W-XKXPXZXdXiX X YrY Z-Z2Z7Z@ZRZWZ\ZeZpZ \&\J\S\\\n\s\x\ Design File Name File Reading Error This file is not compatible with the current version.U Warning! Are you sure you want to erase design file (Y/N)? File Designs Selection: You have no speaker designs to save. Design File Path M L Wire Res Wire Length Core Radius Turns (mh) Gauge (ohms) ( ) (ft) ( ) (in)? ---------------------------------------------------------- Driver Attenuator Resistors Press any key to continue# dB RS RP dB RS RP ohm Driver Attenuator Resistors. dB RS RP dB RS RP2 ------------------------------------- % * J v { ! & F K !>!X!]!h!}! "!"0"M"h"_# $7$<$w$ %%%6%@%O% &0&:&I&h&y& ' '%' (1(U(j( *!*&*8*=*B*T*Y*^*f*l*|* ,",',,,D,W,s, -+-0-5-G-R-W-\-a-p-x- 8 8%8*84898K8[8f8v8 92979<9Q9V9[9e9j9|9 :":/:4:9:K:`:m:r:w: ;);>;C;H;Z;u; <.<8<@2>7>I>_>d>i>s>x> ?'?,?1?E?J?O?a?v?{? @?@D@I@a@f@k@ A+A0A5AMARAWAoAtAyA B"B,B4B9B>BPBlByB~B C!CNCSCXClC D#D(D-D7DYMY Z.Z8ZGZfZwZ \.\3\ \.]3]\]a] ]K`V`_`z` a(a8aEaRaWa\aqa b3b>bPbUbZbsb c!c&c8cJcWc\cacvc d%d7dDdIdNd`drd eDeIe{e g g-g2g7g[gtgyg h3iAiFiPiUigiliqi{i jGjVjjj}j l/lClWlrl|l m'mAm[m q6qOqhqzq r1rQrfr s!s&s+s7s Driver won't work box.U closed a QB3 this volume a C4\ a 6 Class 1 a 6 Class 2 a 6 Class 3 a pass. rad. 2G>P>Y>i>n>s>{> ?&?+?0?5?;?J?l? @"@8@B@P@^@ AJA`A{A B B,BABMBXByB E5FPFUF_FAG H,HlJ L.M\MTQ W,XcX Z0[p[ c%c.c@cMcXc]cbcmc e$e)e4e9eFeXeaele~e fWfifnfsf g(g8gFgUggglgqg i?iMiWiaikipi j$j.j3j\j|j k4kBkLkQkpk l&l0l5lTlYldlxl o.o6o?oHoSocohomouo p+p0p5p>pIpYp^pcpkp}p r)rIrSrXryr s@s`sjstsys t)tttyt u,u4uHu Driver Name Name (model number) for driver:# Bad Value. Try again. Driver Free-Air Parameters or Esc when finished No Name for Altered Driver Total Driver Q, Qts = Vas ( Use or Esc when finished U : to wind( an inductor. You will need to know the$ inductance in millihenries (mh) and& decide what wire gauge or core radius& to use. Wire gauges are in even num-( bers from 10 to 38 in either the AWG or' SWG system of wire sizes. The smaller' the number, the larger the diameter of% the wire and the smaller will be the inductor's DC resistance.% The spool form on which to wind% the inductor has a core of the given! radius and a height equal to the( radius. The end caps or flanges have a( diameter of four times the core radius.U ) PAGE 32( A typical procedure for winding an& inductor would be to press ' and enter the inductance, say 1.5 mh. % Choose a ire gauge and enter 18. ' This gives a core radius of 0.66", not a standard size.( However, you may have a dowel that( is 5/8" in radius, so press for not( satisfactory and choose Core adius. ( Now enter 0.625". The corrected values( for inductor resistance, wire gauge and$ length, and number of turns will be shown.U ) PAGE 33 BOX PARAMETERS' After entering the driver parame-( ters, you will need to decide what type( of enclosure to put the driver in. You can choose from closed, vented,! symmetrically-loaded or passive-' radiator boxes. For each type you can" choose a single, dual or compound# ("Isobarik") driver configuration.# The dual driver configuration" consists of two identical drivers# mounted close together in the same% enclosure. They can be mounted in a% standard configuration both facing forward or in a push-pull$ arrangement. This results in a box& with twice the volume as that for one$ driver. It yields exactly the sameU ) PAGE 34# small signal frequency response, a& maximum infinite baffle response that# is 6 dB higher and a maximum input' power that is doubled. If the driving( amplifier has enough power, the speaker can produce 6 dB more output. % Alternatively, it requires less cone& excursion (producing less distortion)# to achieve the same sound pressure level.' The compound driver configuration# uses two identical drivers mounted& together, either front-to-back with a& short tube between, or front-to-front" on a common mounting board. This& results in a box with half the volume# as that for one driver. It yields( exactly the same small signal frequency' and maximum infinite baffle responses,( but the maximum input power is doubled.U ) PAGE 35$ If the driving amplifier has enough' power, the same maximum sound pressure( level can be achieved. The reduced box! volume has been traded for lower efficiency. CLOSED! You can choose a closed box& (acoustic suspension), specify either$ the total system Q or the enclosure& internal volume, and choose a single,' dual or compound driver configuration.% After some preliminary calcula-' tions, a window will pop up that shows& the speaker's box volume Vb and -3 dB frequency F3. If they seem% satisfactory, press es to go on. ! Pressing o returns you to the& beginning of the box design procedure so that you can try a differentU ) PAGE 36$ approach (vented instead of closed,$ higher system Qt for a smaller box, etc.). VENTED% You can choose a vented box and" select a 4th-order or a 6th-order& alignment. If you choose a 4th-order" alignment, you have the choice of either a Quasi-Butterworth or a& Chebyshev alignment. If you choose a' 6th-order alignment, you then have the% choice of Class 1, 2 or 3 alignments% with an active, second-order filter.' Class 1 offers deeper bass, Class' 2 offers increased maximum sound pres-$ sures, and Class 3 offers increased% sound pressures and a smaller enclo-( sure. All of the vented box alignments% make compromises among low-frequencyU ) PAGE 37( extension, maximum sound pressure level$ and enclosure volume, so you should( experiment to find the best combination for your needs.' LoudSpeaker calculates the active# filter frequency ratio and damping( coefficient. You must build the appro-& priate electronic filter. The calcu-& lated frequency response assumes that" your speaker is using this active filter.$ You can let LoudSpeaker either( calculate the optimum box volume or you$ can specify your own box volume and& accept the associated changes in fre-# quency and transient responses and power handling.U ) PAGE 38% You will need to select the box# damping loss QL. Possible damping& losses must be selected from 3, 5, 7,( 10, 15, or 20. For small boxes of less' than a cubic foot or two, large values# of QL, such as 15 or 20, should be( tried. For very large boxes, a QL of 3( or 5 should be used. However, for most( boxes, QL = 7 is a good starting point.& Finally, you can choose to use a single, dual or compound driver configuration.% After some preliminary calcula-' tions, a window will pop up that shows# the speaker's box volume Vb, -3 dB& frequency F3 and box tuning frequency& Fb. If they seem satisfactory, press' es to go on. Pressing o returnsU ) PAGE 39' you to the beginning of the box design procedure so that you can try a different approach. SYMMETRICALLY-LOADED" The symmetrically-loaded (or& coupled-cavity) box is different from$ any other enclosure type modeled by& LoudSpeaker in that the response does% not increase and then flatten out at( high frequencies. Indeed, the response( is symmetrical around the box resonance frequency Fb, falling at high) frequencies as well as low frequencies. & The symmetrically-loaded box consists$ of a driver loaded on the back by a( closed box, the back volume, and on the! front by a vented box, the front' volume. All of the acoustic radiation' emanates from the vent, resulting in aU ) PAGE 40& fourth-order band pass filter instead( of the usual low-pass filter response. % There are several advantages to( this design. First, you can design the' box so that its natural high-frequency% cutoff satisfies the need for a low-$ pass crossover. This produces a 12& dB/octave, 2nd-order crossover with a frequency around 80 to 200 Hz.( Second, the low-frequency response' can be extended down lower than either% a closed or vented box (at least the' box's small-signal frequency response) for some drivers.' Third, because the efficiency and$ therefore sensitivity of the system% changes along with the low-frequency" cutoff and bandwidth, reducing orU ) PAGE 41 increasing the output of the% symmetrically-loaded box relative to$ closed or vented boxes is possible.$ Finally, because the driver is" loaded on both sides of its cone,$ asymmetrical distortion is reduced.& Because the symmetrically-loaded$ enclosure is different from vented,( closed or passive-radiator boxes, there$ are several new parameters that the# designer must specify. First, the" enclosure damping factor S of the( system must be established. S can vary' between 0 and 1 but LoudSpeaker allows' only the most practical values of 0.4,# 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7. Setting S = 0.4 provides the greatest response" bandwidth but has a ripple in the% response of 2.7 dB and a sensitivityU ) PAGE 42& lower than that of a closed or vented& box. Setting S = 0.7 provides a flat( response and increased sensitivity, but the bandwidth is smaller.% Next, you can specify the lower& cutoff frequency FL, the frequency at& which the low-frequency response is 3% dB down from the response at the box tuning frequency Fb (the center" frequency). Of course, it is not( possible to choose any S and FL for any( driver; LoudSpeaker will show an error( message if the symmetrically-loaded box' you are trying to design is not suited# to the driver. You then can try a larger S or a higher FL.( Finally, you must choose a single,' dual or compound driver configuration.U ) PAGE 43% After some preliminary calcula-' tions, a window will pop up that shows( the speaker's box volume Vb, difference& in SPL from that produced by a closed( or vented box, low FL and high FH -3 dB& frequencies, and box tuning frequency& Fb. If they seem satisfactory, press' es to go on. Pressing o returns' you to the beginning of the box design procedure so that you can try a different approach. PASSIVE-RADIATOR' You can choose a passive-radiator( box with a fixed loss of QL = 7, select' an optimum or specific box volume, and" choose a single, dual or compound driver configuration.U ) PAGE 44% After some preliminary calcula-' tions, a window will pop up that shows# the speaker's box volume Vb, -3 dB& frequency F3 and box tuning frequency& Fb. If they seem satisfactory, press' es to go on. Pressing o returns' you to the beginning of the box design procedure so that you can try a different approach.& If you try to design a box for a% driver that has a Qts outside of the( range appropriate for that type of box,# LoudSpeaker will give you an error' message and then let you try a differ- ent design.U ) PAGE 45$ In any case, you can return to# this point via the pop up Menu and# change the type of box you want by pressing .' When you design your first enclo-% sure, the small-signal low-frequency) response will automatically be graphed. ( Pressing to continue will graph the# maximum response, and pressing # again will graph the maximum input' power. Pressing

will print a copy( of the graph on the screen, including a( summary of driver and box design infor-' mation. Pressing will skip over( any remaining graphs and go directly to the Main Menu.U ) PAGE 46 WHAT TO DO NEXT( When you have completed the design( of your first enclosure, you will be at% the Main Menu. This menu, with some# changes depending where you are in% LoudSpeaker, can be popped up at any& time by pressing (for Menu). # You can move around to the various' options in nearly any order. The menu selections are:$ Help : Review the context-sensitive# material for the task you are" currently trying to perform.( Edit Driver Parameters : Use the editor% to alter driver parameters (for% example, to see how driver Q or% resonance frequency will affectU ) PAGE 47' the frequency response). You can( also use the Library to load, save' or delete drivers or name, change$ or erase libraries themselves.( Change Box Parameters : Try a different( type of box, a different volume or% Q for a closed box, a different' volume, alignment or damping loss& for a vented box, or a different( volume for a passive-radiator box.% Design Circuit : Calculate the parts( values for driver impedance equal-' ization or resonance cancellation( circuits, attenuators, or a cross-( over. Ten equalizers, ten attenu-% ators, and one crossover can be( stored for later printing. During& the design of the crossover, youU ) PAGE 48# can show the schematic on the& screen, complete with parts val- ues, and print it.' Wind Inductor : Calculate the inductor' spool dimensions, number of turns& of wire and DC resistance of the# inductor. Up to ten inductor% designs can be stored for later printing.$ Mold Vent : From the list of vented' enclosure designs, you can select one to mold a vent for.& Graph Response : From the stack of up% to ten speaker designs, you can$ select up to four that will be" plotted on each graph. In a$ single line enter the numbers,U ) PAGE 49& separating them with a "space". ' Press to continue to the next$ graph. Press

to print it.' Print Speaker Designs : From the stack# of up to ten designs, you can% print all of the information on& your speakers and/or equalizers, attenuators, crossover and' inductors to either the screen or& printer. In a single line enter' the numbers, separating them with a "space".! Add Current Design : As you make% changes to your speaker design,( the old design will be lost unless& you "add" it to the stack of de-% signs. Adding a current design% that you think has promise willU ) PAGE 50# save it for later graphing or& printing while you work on a new( design. If you do not have a name& for your current driver, you can( enter one at this time. Up to ten( designs can be added to the stack.' Remove Designs : If you want to delete% old designs from the stack, you% can choose which ones to delete% just as for choosing designs to& print or graph: in a single line( enter the numbers, separating them# with a "space". You can also% clear the current design, which& will send you back to the begin-% ning to enter driver parameters% and design a box. However, any# designs you have added to the stack will be retained.U ) PAGE 51# File Designs : If you want to quit' working with LoudSpeaker but want& to return to what you were doing' at a later time, you can save the' current state of LoudSpeaker to a% disk file and load it back at a later time.( Quit : When you have designed, graphed,% printed, saved and filed every-' thing you want, pressing will& end it all. If you have changed' the library or design file paths," they will be restored to the& default values that you set with the Install program.U ) PAGE 52 MOLDING THE RIGHT VENT& After you have designed a vented' enclosure, at some point you will need& to design the vent. From the list of' up to ten added vented-box designs and( your current design, type the number of( the design for which you wish to mold a vent for and press .' Enter the inside diameter of your' vent pipe (e.g., 3"). If the diameter( is too small, the vent length will turn$ out to be negative, and LoudSpeaker( will tell you that your choice of diam- eter is too small.$ In this case, you should try a' larger diameter. When you find a vent( length that is feasible -- it should beU ) PAGE 53( shorter than the depth of the box by at( least a vent diameter -- check the vent velocity Mach number.% If you were able to specify the( driver power rating and peak excursion,% the maximum air velocity through the& vent can be calculated and shown as a fraction of the speed of sound% (Mach 1.0). If this is greater than( 0.05 for your vent, the air moving at a' large speed through the vent may cause# audible noise. Try a larger vent.U ) PAGE 54 GRAPHING' When the box parameters have been& specified, the program will graph the$ low-frequency small-signal relative' response. If you were able to specify( the driver power rating and peak excur-% sion, it will also graph the maximum' infinite baffle response and the maxi- mum input power response.' From the stack of up to ten added! speaker designs and your current' design, you can select up to four that% will be plotted on each graph. In a$ single line enter the number of the% first design, a space, the number of' the second design, a space, the number' of the third design, and so on. Press# the key to begin the plot.U ) PAGE 55( When you have finished viewing the' graph, you can press

to print it. ( At the bottom of the printed graph will( be added a table summarizing the driver# and box parameters for each chosen( design. LoudSpeaker will automatically& move the paper to the top of the next page.& Printing the graph requires that' you have one of the supported graphics& printer and have selected it with the& Install program. Otherwise, you will' have to supply your own screen dump or screen capture program.& Pressing will continue on to' the next graph which you can then view% and print. If you wish to skip over# any remaining graphs, press .U ) PAGE 56 PRINTING% You can print any of your added( speaker designs and the current design,% the crossover design, and all driver% impedance equalization and resonance' cancellation circuits, attenuators and" inductors. When printing speaker$ designs, in a single line enter the% number of the first design, a space,# the number of the second design, a' space, the number of the third design,& and so on. Press the key and' select either ~~creen or~~

rinter as# the destination to begin to print.' Printing "Total" will send all of# the speaker, crossover, equalizer,' attenuator and inductor designs to the printer.U ) PAGE 57 REMOVING DESIGNS& If you have added designs to the( stack that you no longer want or if you% wish to clear out all of the current( driver and box parameters to start with a fresh design, you can "Remove Design". ' If you want to delete old designs' from the stack, in a single line enter" the number of the first design, a( space, the number of the second design,! a space, the number of the third& design, and so on. Finally press the# key to delete the selected designs.U ) PAGE 58& If you want to clear the current' design and start over, press . You( will be sent back to the driver parame-( ter and box parameter entry portions of' LoudSpeaker, just as if you were again' starting up the program. However, any# designs added to the stack will be retained.$ Clearing the current design is" useful if you want to change to a( totally different driver with a totally different enclosure.U ) PAGE 59 FILE DESIGN% If you wish to quit LoudSpeaker& but want to return at a later time to( continue working with the same designs,& you can "File Designs". Pressing $ will let you Save, Load, or Erase a& design file. You can also change the Path to design files.( Pressing will save all of your designs to a disk file in the( drive/directory specified by the Design( File Path. You can now give the file a name of up to eight characters.( Pressing will load a previous-' ly-saved design file. Use the ,' , and keys to select% the design file you wish to load andU ) PAGE 60' press . You will now be at the! Main Menu to continue your work.& When you load a design file, all& of the designs in LoudSpeaker will be( replaced, including crossover, attenua-& tors, equalizers and inductors. Make& certain that if you have anything you& wish to keep, you have saved to a new' design file before loading an old one.$ Pressing to erase a design% file shows a list of design files in' the current Design File Path. Use the( , , and keys to& select the file you wish to erase and press .U ) PAGE 61$ You can temporarily change the% drive/directory in which LoudSpeaker& stores design files by pressing

. The current Design File path is% displayed and you can use the ' and arrow keys, , ," , and line$ editing keys to edit the path. The% key erases the path so you can& start over (pressing on a blank& path cancels any changes and restores( the previous path). Press when$ you are finished. This Design File% path will remain in effect until you' change it or quit LoudSpeaker. If you& wish to make a permanent change, then# run LoudSpeaker's Install program.$ You must leave the Design File menu by pressing to Quit.U ! & 8 = B T Y ^ p u z !'!,!1!C!H!M!W!\!n!s!x! %!%&%8%=%B%T%Y%^%p%u%z% &'&,&1&C&H&M&_&d&i&s&x& *#*(*2*7*I*N*S*e*j*o* +!+&+8+=+B+T+Y+^+p+u+z+ ,",4,9,>,P,U,Z,5/G/L/Q/[/`/r/w/|/ 0)0.030E0J0O0a0f0k0u0z0 1'1,111C1H1M1_1d1i1{1 5!5&585=5B5T5Y5^5h5m5 6'6,616C6H6M6_6d6i6{6 :*:/:4:F:K:P:Z:_:q:v:{: ;#;5;:;?;Q;V;[;m;r;w; ?!?&?+?=?B?G?Y?^?c?u?z? @,@1@6@H@M@R@d@i@n@ C C2C7CICIUIZI_I L)L.L@LELJLTLYLkLpLuL M/M4M9MKMPMUM_MdMvM{M N-N2N7N>QPQUQZQdQiQ{Q R R2R7RVPVUVZVlVqVvV W#W(W-W?WDWIWSWXWjWoWtW X!X&X+X=XBXGX [-[2[7[A[F[X[][b[t[y[~[ \+\0\5\G\L\Q\c\h\m\ ]$]6];]@]R]W]\]l`~` a#a5a:a?aIaNa`aeaja|a b$b)b.b@bEbJb\babfbxb}b e,e1e6e@eEeWe\eaesexe}e f*f/f4fFfKfPfbfgflf~f j"j4j9j>jPjUjZjljqjvj k#k(k-k?kDkIk[k`kekwk|k n n%n7nsPsUsZslsqsvs t#t(t-t?tDtIt[t`tetwt|t tPwbwgwlwvw{w x#x5x:x?xQxVx[xexjx|x y!y3y8y=yOyTyYykypyuy yR|d|i|n|x|}| }*}/}4}F}K}P}b}g}l}~} ~#~5~:~?~Q~V~[~m~r~w~ ( PAGE 1 LoudSpeaker& This program has been written to$ help you interactively design audio$ loudspeakers with the aid of an IBM# Personal Computer. You can design( closed, vented, symmetrically-loaded or passive-radiator boxes.& For vented boxes, you can choose' between 4th-order Quasi-Butterworth or( Chebyshev alignments or 6th-order Class( 1, 2 or 3 alignments and use optimum or' specific box volumes and different box damping loses.( You can design 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd- or# 4th-order, 2- or 3-way crossovers,( driver impedance compensation and reso-( nance cancellation circuits, and atten- uator circuits, and inductors.U ( PAGE 2& The program is based on the work& of Neville Thiele and Richard Small. ( It also makes extensive use of the work% of Robert Bullock in Speaker Builder Magazine.% You can store up to ten speaker& designs while using the program, then% review them at any time for choosing( designs to print or graph. If you have& a graphics display, the frequency re-% sponses of up to four designs can be( plotted on one graph on the screen. If% you have an Epson- or IBM-compatible( dot-matrix or Hewlett-Packard LaserJet-' compatible laser printer, you can then print the plot.U ( PAGE 3' You can calculate the box volume,# the -3 dB frequency, the frequency' response, and the tuning frequency and' vent dimensions. If you wish, you can( produce a speaker design for a specific& box volume instead of the optimum box$ volume; i.e., you can try different' drivers in an existing box or in a box# that must fit in a specific space.' If you know the driver power rat-( ing and the peak excursion, the program& will also calculate the maximum power" input and maximum infinite baffle% response as a function of frequency.U ( PAGE 4 UNITS' The system of units can be either% the MKS or CGS system. Lengths will' always be in meters (m) or centimeters% (cm), volume in cubic meters (m3) or' cubic centimeters (cm3). Frequency is$ measured in Hertz (Hz -- cycles per second).& However, if you have a length or% volume in other units, you still can" enter it directly. Just type the number followed by the suffix: " for inches ' for feet m for meters c for centimeters l for litersU ( PAGE 5' For example, if you wish to enter& the driver diameter in inches instead$ of the default units of centimeters' (CGS system), type " as the last char-( acter of the number. Or if you wish to# enter the box volume in cubic feet# instead of cm3, type ' as the last% character of the number. If the de-$ fault units are CGS, then use m for' meters and no suffix for centimeters. ' If the default units are MKS, then use' a c suffix for centimeters and no suf- fix for meters.U ( PAGE 6 GETTING HELP% At almost any point in the pro-$ gram, you can get context-sensitive% help. First, pop up the LoudSpeaker$ Menu by simultaneously pressing the% Alternate key and the letter "M" key$ (). This menu allows you to& make a variety of choices possible at& many different times. Next, pressing# the letter "H" () will give you& additional information about what you& are doing. Actually, what you get is& the appropriate page from this intro-" duction that you are now reading.& When you are finished with Help,& press to return to the point at which you left.U ( PAGE 7 DRIVER PARAMETERS$ When starting out, you will be( asked for the name of your driver. You% can enter a name of up to 32 charac-$ ters, or you can load a previously-! saved driver from the "Library."# The driver name that you last& entered (if any) during a LoudSpeaker$ session will be offered as a likely( candidate for modification for the next# time you enter a driver name. The' and arrow keys, ,$ , , and # keys can be used for editing. The% key erases the name so you can& start over (pressing on a blank& names skips over the name entirely). % Press when you are finished.U ( PAGE 8( If you later come back to edit the% driver parameters, this name will be# replaced with "No Name for Altered" Driver" since the old name may no% longer be appropriate for the driver& with changed parameters. If you save' the new parameters to the "Library" or' add the speaker design to the "stack",% you can enter a new driver new name.' You will need to know the Thiele- Small driver parameters: Fs = free-air resonance frequency (Hz) Qes = electrical Q Qms = mechanical Q! Vas = compliance equivalent" volume (m3 or cm3) (or " or ' or l) Re = DC resistance (ohms)U ( PAGE 9& If you enter the optional parameters:# D = cone diameter (m or cm) (or " or ') PR = power rating (watts)& PE = peak excursion (0 to peak) (m or cm)$ then LoudSpeaker will calculate the$ relative response, maximum infinite" baffle response and maximum input power.U ) PAGE 10' If you have only the total driver( Q, Qts, and not Qes and Qms separately,( the best procedure is to choose a typi-$ cal value for Qms, such as "3", and( make a guess for Qes about 0.04 to 0.10( higher than the desired Qts. For exam-% ple, if Qts is 0.46, you would enter Qms = 3 and guess Qes = 0.54.& If you guess wrong, you can edit# Qes after entering the rest of the& driver parameters. You then can make( different guesses until the desired Qts' is achieved. A value of Qes is needed& so that added external resistance can be correctly accounted for.' In almost any speaker design, you$ will be adding external resistance,& whether in the form of speaker cablesU ) PAGE 11( and crossover inductor DC resistance or( an actual power resistor to raise the Q( of the driver to a desired value. This% external resistance can be accounted for with:& Rg = external resistance (ohms)' If you find that you have made an& error after you have entered a driver' parameter, finish entering the remain-( ing parameters. At this point, you can% change any of the driver parameters.U ) PAGE 12! EDITING DRIVER PARAMETERS% You can use the key and' the and arrow keys to move& to any parameter you wish to change. ' When you are satisfied that all values$ are correct, pressing the key$ leaves the driver parameter editing screen.( You can return to edit your driver# parameters at any time by pressing$ to pop up the Menu and then& pressing to edit the parameters. ' When you edit the parameters of a pre-& viously used driver, its name will be removed.U ) PAGE 13 DRIVER LIBRARY' Instead of entering each driver's' parameters when you start LoudSpeaker,( you can use the driver "Library". When" either entering or editing driver% parameters, pressing pops up the menu to access the library.' Pressing for Library will let' you Load, Save or Delete a driver from$ the selected library. You can also' Change to a different library, enter a( different Path to other libraries, Name" a new library, or Erase an entire' library. You can enter the parameters& for a new driver, press ( to name a new library, and then enter a( new library name. If you now press ' to save, the current driver parametersU ) PAGE 14' are saved to the new library. The new' library will remain as the current one% until you change to another existing! library or name another new one.& Pressing to save the current& driver parameters to the Library will( let you enter a driver name of up to 32& characters. The driver name that you' last used (if any) will be displayed. # The and arrow keys, , , , and& line editing keys can all& be used to edit the driver name. The% key erases the name so you can& start over (pressing on a blank% names skips over the name entirely. & Press when you are finished. ' The driver library will then be sorted! alphabetically and save to disk.U ) PAGE 15% Pressing to delete a driver( shows the names of the previously saved% drivers in the current library. Use$ the , , and & keys to select the driver you wish to" delete from the library and press .& Pressing to load the library& shows the names of the drivers previ-& ously saved to the library whose name( is at the top of the Library Menu. Use# use and press . The driver( parameters will be placed in the driver' parameter table. You can edit them at( this time if you wish or press to move on.U ) PAGE 16# You can change to a different& library at any time and save the cur-' rent driver to it. Pressing shows( a list of previously named libraries in% the disk drive/directly named by the' current library path. Use the ,' , and keys to select& the library you wish to use and press' . When you next save a driver,& this will be the library that will be used.' You can erase an entire library. ) Pressing shows a list of libraries. ( Use the , , and ' keys to select the library you wish to erase and press .( You can change the drive/directory& in which LoudSpeaker stores librariesU ) PAGE 17& by pressing

. The current Library& path is displayed and you can use the# and arrows, ,$ , , and % line editing keys to edit the path. % The key erases the path so you$ can start over (pressing on a# blank path cancels any changes and$ restores the previous path). Press% when you are finished. This# library path will remain in effect' until you change it or quit LoudSpeak-% er. If you wish to make a permanent' change, then run LoudSpeaker's Install program.( You must leave the Library menu by% pressing to Quit. The key will not work here.U ) PAGE 18 DRIVER EQUALIZERS( If you are building a speaker with' a passive crossover, the DC resistance& of the inductor(s) in series with the( woofer must be included in the woofer's' external DC resistance parameter, Rg. $ The added resistance will raise the& driver Qes and must be taken into ac- count when designing the box.# This means that the crossover$ should be designed before the final' woofer box. However, most crossovers,' including those designed by LoudSpeak-( er, assume that the drivers' impedances# are constant and purely resistive.U ) PAGE 19' Therefore, nearly every cone-type' driver needs an impedance equalization( circuit and many dome-type drivers need( an impedance equalization circuit and a' resonance cancellation circuit. As an' alternative to the resonance cancella-' tion circuit, 3rd-order crossovers can be designed with an Acoustic( Butterworth (AB) dome tweeter resonance filter.' LoudSpeaker contains all of these& capabilities. When you select Design" Circuit from the Menu, you have a& choice of "Crossover", "Equalizer" or% "Attenuator". Pressing presents( the further choices of "Impedance Equa-' lization", "Resonance Cancellation" or "Both".U ) PAGE 20' To design an impedance equalizer,% you must know the driver parameters: Re = DC resistance (ohms) Le = inductance (mh)# The values for the resistor Rc and& capacitor Cc will be calculated. The' series combination of these two compo-' nents are wired across the driver ter- minals. To design a resonance( cancellation circuit, you must know the driver parameters: Fs = free-air resonance frequency (Hz) Qes = electrical Q Qms = mechanical QU ) PAGE 21( The values for Cm, Rm, and Lm will( be calculated. Rm can consist entirely' or in part of the DC resistance of the# inductor Lm. Dome-type drivers in particular often need "both" compensation circuits.& After designing a resonance can-' cellation circuit and still looking at& the "Parts List" window, it now would# be a convenient time to design the( inductor Lm. Immediately press & instead of the key and then # to Wind an Inductor. The value Lm& automatically will be selected as the( inductance so merely press . If( you are designing a different inductor,' pressing will allow you to enter your own inductance value.U ) PAGE 22% Now choose a wire gauge so that& the inductor's DC resistance is equal& to or slightly less than Rm (any dif-" ference can be made up by a fixed# resistor in series with Lm). This' inductor becomes part of the equalizer& design and will be printed with it to' the screen or printer at a later time.' After building the impedance com-( pensation and/or resonance cancellation& circuits for each driver, attach them& to the drivers and measure the driver( impedances at the appropriate crossover# frequencies. In particular, it is& important that a midrange's impedance" be nearly constant over its whole( range. It may be necessary to alter Rc( and Cc somewhat through trial-and-error# to achieve the flattest impedance.U ) PAGE 23% Measuring the driver impedances( will now allow you to design the cross-! over. It will also allow you to& generate tables of driver attenuators' for your tweeter (and midrange, if you are designing a 3-way system.% These tables of attenuators are( useful when you are adjusting the rela-# tive levels of your drivers in the! finished loudspeaker. Correctly' designed attenuators use a unique pair$ of series and parallel resistors to provide the desired amount of' attenuation while holding constant the! impedance seen by the crossover.U ) PAGE 24 CROSSOVERS& Now you can design the crossover& by choosing "Design Circuit" and then' "Crossover". You can choose from a 2-& or 3-way and 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd- or 4th- order crossover.& If you design a 2-way even-order' or a 3-way crossover, you will have to& decide between an APC (Linkwitz-Riley All Pass Crossover) or a CPC) (Butterworth Constant Power Crossover). ( An additional choice for a 2-way cross-( over is a "Compromise" design where the% amplitude of the peak in the speaker& response can be specified. Other op-& tions for some designs include Bessel& and Chebyshev filter characteristics.U ) PAGE 25# You may also have to choose a) positive or negative midrange polarity. % Some designers feel that there is no' audible difference, while others claim( improved transient response and imaging with negative polarity.' To design the crossover, you will' need to know the crossover frequencies% (upper and lower for a 3-way system)' and driver impedances at the crossover frequencies.& While the crossover "Parts List"& window is on the screen, you can view& (and print) a schematic of the cross-% over, complete with parts values, by( pressing ~~for Show Crossover# Schematic. If you press~~

, your% schematic will be reproduced on yourU ) PAGE 26$ printer. Pressing for Continue$ will return you to the "Parts List" window.# Your crossover design will be' stored in memory and can be printed to( the screen or printer later in the same$ LoudSpeaker session. If you design% enclosures at this time and save the& designs to a disk file, the crossover' information is also saved and can then$ be loaded back from a disk file and printed later.& While the "Parts List" window is' on the screen, you can design the nec-' essary inductors by immediately press-% ing and using the % and keys to select the inductor% you want to design and then pressing .U ) PAGE 27( If you are not designing an induc-% tor for the crossover at this point,' press to enter your own value of inductance.( You can continue to wind inductors( until all of them for the crossover are' finished. These inductors become part of the crossover design.$ If you did not choose to use a( resonance cancellation circuit for your% tweeter (perhaps because you did not' know the tweeter's inductance) and are% using a 3rd-order crossover, you can( still reduce the amplitude of the twee-% ter's unwanted resonance by using an$ Acoustic Butterworth (AB) network. ( While the crossover "Parts List" window( is on the screen, press forU ) PAGE 28$ Build AB Circuit. You are asked to( design the tweeter's crossover inductor( at this time (try 24-28 gauge wire) and( then enter the tweeter's free-air reso-& nance frequency fs. The AB circuit's% resistor Ra and capacitor Ca will be& calculated and added to the crossover& "Parts List". If you show the cross-$ over schematic now (), it will include these new parts.' An AB tweeter resonance cancella-% tion circuit can not be designed for' all 3rd-order crossovers. Some combi-& nations of tweeters and crossovers do not work.& Pressing one or more times' will return you to your starting posi- tion.U ) PAGE 29 ATTENUATORS% Driver attenuator tables can be& generated for a specific impedance by( choosing esign Circuit and ttenu-( ator. Up to ten attenuators are stored$ for later printing to the screen or printer.# If the crossover "Parts List"' window is on the screen, you can auto-# matically generate the tweeter and) midrange tables by pressing . % These attenuators become part of the# crossover and are printed with it.% Therefore, a loudspeaker design$ would start with the measurement of$ driver parameters. Then the driver% impedance equalization and resonanceU ) PAGE 30( cancellation circuits would be designed& and built. These circuits would then# be attached to the drivers and the% impedances measured at the crossover frequencies.( Next, the crossover circuit itself& can be designed, including the neces-! sary inductors and attenuators. ) Finally, the enclosure can be designed. & The DC resistance of any inductors in& series with the woofer can be entered( as the external driver resistance Rg at this time.U " ' , > C H Z _ d v { ###(#-#?#D#I#[#`#e#w#|# $.$3$8$J$O$T$f$k$p$ $;&M&R&W&a&f&x&}& '/'4'9'C'H'Z'_'d'v'{' +"+4+9+>+P+U+Z+l+q+v+ ,#,(,-,?,D,I,[,`,e,w,|, /,/1/6/H/M/R/d/i/n/x/}/ 0"0'090>0C0 3!3&3+3=3B3G3Y3^3c3u3z3 4,41464H4M4R4d4i4n4Y7k7p7u7 81868;8M8R8W8a8f8x8}8 9 9%9*9<9A9F9X9]9b9t9y9~9 =#=(=:=?=D=N=S=e=j=o= >)>.>3>E>J>O>a>f>k>}> >eAwA|A B.B3B8BJBOBTB^BcBuBzB C"C'C9C>CCCUCZC_CqCvC{C G$G6G;G@GRGWG\GnGsGxG H%H*H/HAHFHKH]HbHgHqHvH HgKyK~K L0L5L:LLLQLVLhLmLrL M,M1M6M@MEMWM\MaMsMxM}M P"P'P1P6PHPMPRP\PaPsPxP}P Q Q%Q7QdPdUdZdddid{d e#e(e-e?eDeIe[e`eeewe|e h'h,h>hChHhZh_hdhvh{h i-i2i7iIiNiSieijioi m-m2m7mImNmSmemjmomym~m n!n&n8n=nBnTnYn^npnunzn r1r6r;rMrRrWrarfrxr}r s/s4s9sKsPsUsgslsqs w)w.w3wEwJwOwawfwkw}w x"x4x9x>xPxUxZxlxqxvx |#|5|:|?|Q|V|[|e|j||| }!}3}8}=}O}T}Y}k}p}u}